Logical Conclusions -> in the Past Events

Pattern

Logical Conclusions – in the Past Events
Important: must is a modal. Must followed by the verb word have and a participle expresses a logical conclusions based of evidence. The conclution is about an event that happened in the past.
Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for an conclution about something that happened in the past.

S + must have + participle + past time

For example, “here is a message on My desk (last night) .” It may be concluded that “His friend must have called last night.” (To convince)

Example: My friend must have called last night
Avoid using should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and participle when referring to events in the past.
Other Examples
Incorrect : His pen won’t write, it can have run out of ink (in the past)
Correct : His pen won’t write, it must have run out of ink (in the past)
Incorrect : The ring that She was looking at is gone, someone else must buy it.
Correct : The ring that She was looking at is gone, someone else must have bought it.
Incorrect : The Sudirman streets are wet, it should have rained last night.
Correct : The Sudirman streets are wet, it must have rained last night.
Incorrect : She doesn’t have his keys, she must locked in the house.
Correct : She doesn’t have his keys, she must have locked in the house.
Incorrect : I don’t see Reny anywhere, she must be left early.
Correct : I don’t see Reny anywhere, she must have left early.

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See also; Modal, Tenses, and the Characteristic of Tenses

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Modal: May, might....

Pattern

Modal + Verb
Attantion; a modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the dictionary form of the verb. In some grammar books, the verb word is called the bare infinitive because it appears without the word to. Verb words are very important in many patterns, but they are used most often with modals. The pattern is written below:
S + modal + verb word
His family might visit us

Avoid an invinitive or an –ing form instead of a verb word after a modal.
Examples
Incorrect : She would, if there is time, liking to make a phone call.
Correct : She would, if there is time, like to make a phone call.
Incorrect : After he show me the way, I can to go by my self.
Correct : After He show me the way, I can go by myself.
Incorrect : Our friend might stopping to see us on their way to California.
Correct : Our friend might stop to see us on their way to California.
Incorrect : Rudi may, with effort, to pass this course.
Correct : Rudi may, with effort, pass this course.
Incorrect : The journey should to be on time.
Correct : : The journey should be on time.

See also: Causative